Others have reported changes in activity distribution and performance indices during team sports at moderate-high altitude. Such changes are likely to be reflected by changes in the performance characteristics of real world cycling competitions occurring in similar conditions. Reductions in power output during laboratory cycling are likely the result of a decrease in the oxygenation of muscular and cerebral tissue leading to perturbations to working muscle metabolism, central neural drive and pacing regulation. Laboratory based investigations have reported that cycling power output for short to long intervals is attenuated during acute exposure to normobaric and hypobaric hypoxic conditions. The change to inspired partial pressure of oxygen at higher altitudes presents a number of challenges to underlying physiological processes that determine or regulate cycling performance. As most famously observed at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, competition at altitude has consequences for both speed and endurance, with lower air density having a positive impact on speed over short distances, whilst endurance performance is impaired. Tour of Qinghai Lake, Tour of Utah, stages of Grand Tours). In recent years, road cycling events sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), have spread globally and are more frequently occurring, either partly or entirely, in moderate-high altitude (2000–5000 m) environments (e.g. Generally slowest speeds and cadences are reported during hilly events while fastest speeds and cadences are reported during flat races and time trials. Cycling cadence and speed, like heart rate, are largely affected by the type and terrain of a race. Although the heart rate response may vary depending on the type and terrain of an event, mean heart rates for competitive road cycling races are ~135 beats per minute (bpm), with higher values (>140 bpm) for time trials or hilly events. Others have described cycling events by reporting the typical heart rate response to cycling competition. reported that for all race types, there are numerous (20–70), short duration bursts (3–30 s) at power greater than the power output associated with maximal oxygen uptake. kg -1) during flat, hilly and criterium races. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscriptĬompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Įarly research has described the performance characteristics of historic competitive cycling events that predominantly take place at low altitudes (8 W. However, researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data may contact the authors of the study ( or to request access to the de-identified data set.įunding: Funding was received from the Australian Institute of Sport High Performance Research Grant fund (LAG, CJG), the University of Canberra (KGT), Aspetar/Aspire Zone Research Fund (YOS), and Qinghai Sports Science Institute (FM). This is due to the performance nature of the data and the potential implications for team selection (National or professional) which may arise from sharing data. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: The study was approved by the AIS Human Ethics Committee who deemed the data to be confidential. Received: JAccepted: OctoPublished: December 2, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Garvican-Lewis et al. (2015) Impact of Altitude on Power Output during Cycling Stage Racing. Citation: Garvican-Lewis LA, Clark B, Martin DT, Schumacher YO, McDonald W, Stephens B, et al.
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